Introduction: Medical teachers have conventionally been using different teaching methods to educate medical students previously dominated by blackboard and slide projectors. Now day’s audiovisual aids such as power point have been used. The optimum use of audiovisual aids is essential forderiving their benefits. This study was done to know the students’ preference regarding the various audiovisual aids, with an aim to improve their use in didactic lectures. Material aND Methods: Two hundred and eighty six from first, second and third professional medical students were invited to participate in a questionnaire based study. Two hundred and thirteen (74.4%) students completed the questionnaire and their responses were analyzed. The first part of the questionnaire included demographic and educational details. The second part consisted of 12 statements regarding the preference of audiovisual aids for various aspects of learning. Results: In this study, 90.1% of the respondents (first, second AND third professional) were stimulated for further reading if they attended a lecture which was augmented by the use of visual aids. The respondents preferred a combination of audiovisual aids during a didactic lecture. The perception of diagrams, flow charts and note taking was best accepted with a power point presentation by first and second professional students, whereas OHP preferred by third professional students . In understanding a particular topic, a combination of aids scored over the use of a particular visual aid alone. In listening and understanding a particular topic, power point presentation was the most preferred aid, with the blackboard being preferred by third professional students. About 62.4% of the respondents were interested in taking notes during class compare to handouts. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates that lectures delivered by using a combination of audio visual aids are more appreciated by the students. Furthermore, the lecture should be constructed in a fashion so as to enable the students to gather factual information easily and in a concise manner. Teachers should note that the students preferred a combination of visual aids and were interested in taking notes during lectures.

Objective: the study was conducted to verify the association of hyperuricemia with lipid profile in a group of Assamese people so as to take necessary precautions from developing future cardiovascular disease (CVD). Methods: lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and LDL) were estimated in sixty hyperuricemic Assamese people who had no previous history of CVD to ascertain the pattern of their association between uric acid and lipid profile if any. Results: The study proves a significant positive correlation (p 0.005) between uric acid and TC, TG and LDL, and a significant negative correlation (p 0.005) between uric acid and HDL. Conclusion: The study thus shows that hyperuricemia is associated with dyslipidemia which may predispose to future CVD. So treating such subject for hyperuricemia and dyslipidemia can very well reduce cardiovascular morbidity.

Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of lung is not one of the commoner varieties of neoplasia found in the lungs. There are around 100 cases in literature which suggest the metastasis of various kinds of lung carcinomas to gastro intestinal tract (GIT). Metastasis of large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma to small bowel is rare. This is a rare case in which the primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of lung presented with metastasis and perforation of small bowel.

Metastatic neoplasms of the penis are uncommon. The most common primary organs have been reported to be the bladder and prostate. In the present report, a patient with priapism was demonstrated to have carcinoma prostate complicated with penile, lung, and liver metastasis in the absence of bone involvement and normal serum PSA levels.

Objectives: Evaluation of a new surgical technique (Dutta’s) to prevent postpartum hemorrhage due to major degree placenta previa during cesarean section. Methods:This study was conducted at tertiary care hospital(JNM,AND NSGH) at Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, India from the period January 2004 to December 2009.Ninty four (94) cases diagnosed to be having major degree placenta previa, undergoing LSCS operation, were selected for this study. New surgical technique(Dutta’s) was adopted in a stepwise manner = delivery of baby > bilateral uterine artery ligation by chromic catgut no-1 suture >injection tranexamic acid (1000mg) IM > injection oxytocin in intravenous infusion(10 units 30 drop /min in 500 ml of 5% dextrose)>delivery of placenta and membranes> checked properly if any tear or laceration in placental site > closure of uterine wound was done after securing bleeding from placental bed >closure of abdomen in layers by polyglycolic acid no 1 suture. Results: It was observed from this study that good effectiveness to control bleeding and intra operative blood loss less than 300cc were seen in 89(94.68%) cases respectively. Six (6.3%) cases required underlying interrupted suture for bleeding from placental bed. Subtotal cesarean hysterectomy was advocated in 3(3.28%) cases due to failure to control uterine atony. Immediate post operative bleeding less than 200c.c was found in 81 (86.16%) cases. Maternal mortality was found to be absent. Maternal morbidity was seen in 12(12.76%) cases. Subsequent menstrual cycles were found to be normal in 80(87.91%) cases and repeated pregnancy was observed in 26(28.57%) cases indicating non effect on gonadal function. Conclusion: Dutta’s new surgical technique during LSCS for major degree placenta previa was found to be simple, safe and quick procedure. It reduces perfusion pressure, permits time for further steps, thereby avoiding unnecessary ligation of bilateral internal iliac arteries and cesarean hysterectomy. Maternal mortality and morbidity were also found to be reduced. This technique is suitable for rural based hospital in absence of adequate blood transfusion facility.

Background: Foodborne disease occurs in mass catering establishment that is not complying with sanitary and hygienic food handling and preparation. Objective: Objective of the present study was to explore the status of sanitary condition of food establishments and to assess hygienic practices among food handlers. Material and Method: A cross-sectional study design was used to assess the sanitary condition of food establishments and personal hygiene of food handlers. Data was collected with the help of structured and pre-tested questionnaires. The questionnaire also allowed the interviewers to record their observations. All the data obtained was entered into Microsoft Excel and analyzed using the software StatistiXL version 1.8. Result: Separate kitchen and Onsite solid waste storage containers/receptacles were available in 4(16%) establishments. Provision for heating devices for cooked food was available in 5(20%) establishments. Wash basin present with soap were available in 10 (40%) of the food establishments. Sweeping and washing floor with water and disinfectant was done in 8(32%) food establishments. Male and female food handlers’ have equal percentage of morbidity and this difference was not statistically significant (?2=0.0329, p=0.84), but anaemia was significantly higher among female food handlers (?2=6.30, p=0.01). Poor hygienic practices were significantly associated with presence of infectious diseases like ARI, diarrhoea, dysentery and skin infections. (?2=5.71, p=0.017). Conclusion: Food establishments in the study area were found to have poor sanitation and were not maintained well. The health status and the level of personal hygiene of the food handlers in the eating establishments were found to be unsatisfactory. There is need of enforcement of sanitary provisions and educating the food handlers about personal hygiene.

Although bee stings can cause local and systemic allergic reactions, neurological complications are rare. There are few reports of stroke following bee or wasp stings. We report a 70-year-old healthy man developed a focal neurologic deficit 5 hours after multiple bee stings, which was confirmed to be an acute ischemic stroke on computed tomography (CT) scan.

Objective: Leptospirosis in humans occurs throughout the world as an acute infection ranging imperceptible to severe, potentially fatal, renal and liver failure accompanied by haemorrhage and jaundice. In India, according to number of reports, Leptospirosis has been a significant health problem since 1980. This disease mimics influenza, hepatitis, dengue owing to which it often goes undiagnosed due to lack of awareness and diagnostic facilities in most of the laboratories in the country. This study was undertaken to diagnose suspected cases of Leptospirosis by IgM ELISA, DRIDOT and MAT, and also to standardize an in house IgM ELISA using OMP antigens of the L.tarassovi the predominant serovar in the study Materials aND Methods: Blood samples were collected from a total of 287 patients (186 male and 101 female) presenting with acute febrile illness and fulfilling the criteria of clinical diagnosis of Leptospirosis. All the samples AND healthy controls were subjected to ELISA (IgM serion), dridot, MAT, and Leptospira serovar Tarassovi OMP IgM ELISA, and for isolation of Leptospira. Results: IgM antibody could be detected by ELISA, Dridot and OMP ELISA of L. Tarassovi from Group I and Group II sera samples. It was observed by MAT that L.Tarassovi was the predominant serovar followed by L.australis, L.autumnalis, L.sejroe, L.pyrogenes, L.ballum, L.canicola, L.icterocopenhageni, L.cynopteri. A total of 5 isolates were recovered from Group I patients. Conclusion: IgM ELISA using sarcosyl extracted OMP antigens of serovar Tarassovi when compared with MAT the overall sensitivity and specificity was 72% and 81% respectively. The same sera reacted with serovar Australis, serovar Tarassovi, serovar Sejroe, serovar Pyrogenes, serovar Ballum and serovar Icterocopenhageni in MAT.

Objective: Several studies indicate that serum adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity could be a potential marker for the diagnosis of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, there has been no such study that could independently verify this finding in Nepali population. The present study therefore aims to measure the total ADA activity in the sera of Nepalese RA patients and verify its diagnostic potential. Materials and Methods: A total of 69 RA patients who visited Universal College of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital (UCMSTH), Bhairahawa, Nepal for their medical treatment were enrolled for this study. An equal number of age and sex-matched healthy controls were also included in the study. Blood samples were collected from each study subjects and analyzed for serum total ADA, Creactive protein (CRP) and rheumatoid factor (RF). Results: Serum total ADA activity was found to be significantly (p0.0001) higher="" (30.0="" }10.1="" U=""/L) in all RA patients compared to healthy controls (13.5 } 3.6 U/L). However, no significant difference (p>0.05) in the ADA activity was found between the smokers and non-smoker RA patients. Out of total 69 RA patients, only 16 (23.1%) were positive for CRP and 11 (15.9%) were positive for RF. Conclusion: Measurement of serum total ADA activity could be a reliable marker for the diagnosis of RA in Nepali population with relevant clinical scenarios when there is absence of CRP and RF in the serum.

Background: Low back pain is one of the commonest indices for referral to radiological evaluation of lumbo-sacral spine. The underlying pathology may be divulged by the exploit of conventional lumbo-sacral radiography. Purpose: By collating and analysing the lumbo-sacral radiographs of patients with low back pain, we hope to give an account of the accompaniments of low back pain and where possible, to deduce its causes in our local environ. Study design/Setting: A cross-sectional prospective study. Patient Sample: Two hundred and forty patients were enrolled in the study Outcome Measures: Pathologies were evaluated based on features seen on the paired lumbo-sacral radiographs of anterior-posterior and lateral. Methods: Anterior-posterior and lateral plain radiographs were done under standardized conditions after recording of patient’s biodata. Radiographs were analysed using SSPS 13 statistical computer package. Results: A total of 240 patients aged 10-89years with mean age of 48.9 and standard deviations of 25.4 were studied. Males were 130 while females were 110. The number of identifiable pathologies (n= 257) outweighed the number of patients (n=240). The commonest pathology was degenerative disc disease. This was seen in 67.5% of studied population. 15.83% had either normal radiographs, loss of lumbar lordosis or scoliosis. Conclusions: Degenerative disc disease is the commonest pathology seen in patients with low back pain in Uyo, Nigeria.